Europe and Spain in transition: Institutional responses in the face of economic challenges

Letter from the Editors

Monetary policy

The ECB’s next challenge: Monetary policymaking in an age of uncertainty

With inflation falling and rates now below peak, the ECB has entered a new phase of policymaking focused less on neutrality and more on agility. In an ...

Defence sector

Economic insights for a more integrated European defence industry

Despite rising defence budgets across the EU, limited integration continues to constrain industrial efficiency and innovation. Coordinated production and ...

Economic sentiment

Household perceptions of the Spanish economy: Growth trends and social frictions

Spain has recorded some of the eurozone’s strongest post-pandemic growth, with gains driven by tourism, immigration, and EU recovery funds. Yet, ...

Non-financial accounts

Spain’s household and corporate accounts in 2024: Diverging growth paths

In 2024, Spain’s households continued to build financial strength through rising incomes, high savings, and manageable debt burdens. Meanwhile, ...

Non-financial corporation

Spanish non-financial corporates’ balance sheets: Asset growth and deleveraging in the euro era

Since entering the euro area, Spain’s non-financial corporations have doubled their real asset base while significantly reducing leverage, particularly ...

Revolving credit

Revolving credit in Spain: Between financial inclusion and consumer risk

Revolving credit plays a growing but still limited role in Spain’s household borrowing landscape, offering flexible financing to consumers with limited ...

Financial education

Bridging the financial literacy gap: Structural, cognitive, and situational disadvantage in adolescence

In recent years, adolescent financial literacy has gained prominence as a critical skill, yet large gaps persist across academic and socioeconomic cohorts, as ...

Bank spreads

Bank bond spreads after the Global Financial Crisis: From fragility to fundamental strength

Once seen as safer and cheaper than corporate debt thanks to its regulated profile and implicit government backing, since the 2008 financial crisis, ...

Regulation and Economic Outlook
Recent key developments in the area of Spanish financial regulation
Prepared by the Regulation and Research Department of the Spanish Confederation of Savings Banks (CECA)
Spanish economic forecasts panel: July 2025
Key Facts
Economic Indicators
Financial Indicators
Social Indicators